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Planum temporale

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Planum temporale
Approximate location of Wernicke's area highlighted in white
Identifiers
NeuroNames2333
TA98A14.1.09.143
TA25493
FMA74564
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
Diagram labeling planum temporale in green.

The planum temporale is the cortical area just posterior to the auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus) within the Sylvian fissure.[1] It is a triangular region which forms the heart of Wernicke's area, one of the most important functional areas for language.[2] Original studies on this area found that the planum temporale was one of the most asymmetric regions in the brain, with this area being up to ten times larger in the left cerebral hemisphere than the right.[3]

Location

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The planum temporale makes up the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus to the parietal lobe.[4] The posterior extent of the planum temporale has been variably defined, which has led to disputes to estimates of size and degree of asymmetry.[4]

Asymmetry

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The planum temporale shows a significant asymmetry. In 65% of all individuals the left planum temporale appears to be more developed, while the right planum temporale is more developed in only 11%. In some people’s brains, the planum temporale is more than five times larger on the left than on the right, making it the most asymmetrical structure in the brain. Evidence for this asymmetry has also been seen in great apes.[5]

This greater size of the left planum temporale compared with the right is already present in the fetus, where it can be observed starting from the 31st week of gestation. This observation strengthens the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition for brain asymmetry, however the effect of fetal experience has not been ruled out.[2][6] Leftward asymmetry, however, does not directly relate to asymmetry of language processing in all individuals.[4]

In addition, more and more research is suggesting that the apparent asymmetries in this region are the result of old techniques and criteria used to identify the planum temporale[citation needed]. When new imaging is used that takes into account asymmetries in the curvatures of lateral fissures, the hemispheric asymmetries of the planum temporale become negligible[citation needed]. This newer imaging would indicate that the size of the region would not explain the higher faculties of language in the left hemisphere, but would instead require an analysis of the neural circuitry.[7]

Gender based asymmetry

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Imaging has repeatedly suggested gender marked differences in planum temporale surface area asymmetry. There have been multiple findings suggesting a greater leftward surface area asymmetry in male subjects, with no significant difference as mediated by gender of the right part of the planum temporale.[8]

Recent evidence can be used to support the idea that differences between males and females in planum temporale asymmetry begin to develop and show early in development, potentially during prenatal stages. Gender based asymmetry may be the result of environmental factors occurring in-utero, such as levels of testosterone.[9]

Certain studies have found differences within the planum temporale on a microscopic level, finding greater cell packing density in females, as well as a reduction of micro-structural asymmetry. Females have also been found to display asymmetry in grey matter volume.[9]

Due to the novel nature of these findings, researchers have yet to discern how to interpret these sex-based differences on brain function.[10]

Functions

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The planum temporale is a highly lateralized brain structure involved with language and with music. Although the planum temporale is found to have an asymmetry in the normal population, having a leftward bias in right-handed individuals, people who possess absolute pitch have an increased leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale. This is due to a smaller than average volume of the right planum temporale and not a larger than average volume of the left.[11] The planum temporale may also play an important role in auditory processing with recent research suggesting that the region is responsible for representing the location of sounds in space.[12]

There have also been many studies that show the asymmetry of the planum temporale to be related to handedness of subjects. There have been reports of decreased asymmetry displayed on the left side of the planum temporale in those that are dominantly left handed.[10]

Atypical development

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The planum temporale seems to be symmetrical in individuals with dyslexia, which may indicate that their low specialization in the left hemisphere is a cause of their disability. This symmetry also holds for people who stutter, although it is also possible to see a larger right planum temporale in stutters. It is thought that this bias for right hemisphere could be interrupting or impeding information flow between Wernickes and Broca's, which are on the left hemisphere.

MRI studies have shown that the planum temporale in schizophrenics is more symmetrical.[13] This reduced lateralization correlates with more severe positive symptoms, such as hallucinations, as measured by the PANSS.[13]

Sexual dimorphism has shown to play an important role on planum temporale studies within schizophrenia. These findings have highlighted the relevance and importance of sex/gender as a plays a key role on PT in schizophrenia, underlying the importance of gender as a key component of brain morphology and the specialized brain structure and function for schizophrenia.[14]

Non-human brains

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Although the brain area was thought to be unique to humans, almost like the anatomic version of the linguistic "language organ" of Noam Chomsky, it was shown to be similarly leftward asymmetric in chimpanzees and other great apes but not other primates,[15] as was a related, rightward asymmetric, brain region the planum parietale that is implicated with dyslexia in humans.[16] Monkeys show cellular asymmetry but not gross anatomic asymmetry of the planum temporale.[17] (Brain Research, 2008). The question still remains open; what are great apes or monkeys using this "non-human primate language area" for?[18][19][20][21]

Hemispheric differences

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Summary Table
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Normal development- larger in size and surface area[22] Normal development- smaller in size and surface area[22]
Decrease in size leads to difficulty with word recognition[22] -------
Damage can lead to impaired ability to decode phonemes[23] Damage can lead to impaired ability to decode phonemes[23]
Decrease in size can lead to dyslexia[23] Increase in size can lead to dyslexia[23]
Lesions result in difficulty of speech recognition[22] -------
------- Increased cortical thickness related to enhanced detection of visual motion in early deaf subjects[24]

Additional images

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  • 3D visualization of the planum temporale in an average human brain
    3D visualization of the planum temporale in an average human brain
  • Planum temporale highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
    Planum temporale highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
  • Planum temporale highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
    Planum temporale highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
  • Planum temporale highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
    Planum temporale highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images

References

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  1. ^ Kolb B, Whishaw IQ (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology (5th ed.). [New York]: Worth. p. 495. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6.
  2. ^ a b The Brain From Top To Bottom
  3. ^ Jill B. Becker (2002). Behavioral Endocrinology 2e. MIT Press. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-262-52321-9. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  4. ^ a b c David L. Clark; Nash N. Boutros; Mario F. Mendez (20 May 2010). The Brain and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-521-14229-8. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  5. ^ Carroll, S. B. (2003). "Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens". Nature. 422 (6934): 849–857. doi:10.1038/nature01495. PMID 12712196. S2CID 4333307.
  6. ^ Dorsaint-Pierre R, Penhune VB, Watkins KE, et al. (May 2006). "Asymmetries of the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus: relationship to language lateralization". Brain. 129 (Pt 5): 1164–76. doi:10.1093/brain/awl055. PMID 16537567.
  7. ^ Gazzaniga Michael S, Ivry Richard B, Mangun George R (2009). "Principles of Cerebral Organization". Cognitive Neuroscience: Biology of the Mind (3 ed.). New York, London: WW Norton and Company. p. 446.
  8. ^ Beaton, Alan A (1997). "The Relation of Planum Temporale Asymmetry and Morphology of the Corpus Callosum to Handedness, Gender, and Dyslexia: A Review of the Evidence". Brain and Language. 60 (2): 255–322. doi:10.1006/brln.1997.1825. PMID 9344480. S2CID 17560377.
  9. ^ a b Altarelli, Irene; Leroy, François; Monzalvo, Karla; Fluss, Joel; Billard, Catherine; Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine; Galaburda, Albert M; Ramus, Franck (2014). "Planum temporale asymmetry in developmental dyslexia: Revisiting an old question". Human Brain Mapping. 35 (12): 5717–35. doi:10.1002/hbm.22579. PMC 6869664. PMID 25044828.
  10. ^ a b Good, Catriona D; Johnsrude, Ingrid; Ashburner, John; Henson, Richard N.A; Friston, Karl J; Frackowiak, Richard S.J (2001). "Cerebral Asymmetry and the Effects of Sex and Handedness on Brain Structure: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis of 465 Normal Adult Human Brains". NeuroImage. 14 (3): 685–700. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0857. PMID 11506541. S2CID 16235256.
  11. ^ Keenan, Julian Paul; Thangaraj, Ven; Halpern, Andrea R; Schlaug, Gottfried (2001). "Absolute Pitch and Planum Temporale". NeuroImage. 14 (6): 1402–8. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0925. PMID 11707095. S2CID 8886472.
  12. ^ "Brain Center For 'Sound Space' Identified". Science Daily. 22 September 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  13. ^ a b Michael S. Ritsner (1 January 2009). The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Genes. Springer. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-1-4020-9831-4. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  14. ^ Pigoni, A; Delvecchio, G; Perlini, C; Barillari, M; Ruggeri, M; Altamura, C; Bellani, M; Brambilla, P (2017). "Sexual-dimorphism of the planum temporale in schizophrenia: An MRI study". European Psychiatry. 41: S828. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1621. S2CID 149395883.
  15. ^ Gannon PJ, Holloway RL, Broadfield DC, Braun AR (January 1998). "Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog". Science. 279 (5348): 220–2. Bibcode:1998Sci...279..220G. doi:10.1126/science.279.5348.220. PMID 9422693.
  16. ^ Gannon PJ, Kheck N, Hof PR (March 2008). "Leftward interhemispheric asymmetry of macaque monkey temporal lobe language area homolog is evident at the cytoarchitectural, but not gross anatomic level". Brain Res. 1199: 62–73. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.041. PMID 18262172. S2CID 20325315.
  17. ^ Gannon PJ, Kheck NM, Braun AR, Holloway RL (November 2005). "Planum parietale of chimpanzees and orangutans: a comparative resonance of human-like planum temporale asymmetry". Anat Rec A. 287 (1): 1128–41. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20256. PMID 16215971.
  18. ^ Blakeslee S (1998-01-13). "Brain of Chimpanzee Sheds Light on Mystery of Language". The New York Times.
  19. ^ Chimps Like Us / We're Like Chimps
  20. ^ Gibson, Kathleen Rita; Falk, Dean (2001). Evolutionary anatomy of the primate cerebral cortex. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 0-521-64271-X.
  21. ^ Sciencenews 1998 PDF Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine[full citation needed]
  22. ^ a b c d Binder J. R., Frost J. A., Hammeke T. A., Rao S. M., Cox R. W. (1996). Function of the left planum temporale in auditory and linguistic processing. Brain 119 1239–1247. 10.1093/brain/119.4.1239
  23. ^ a b c d Leonard, C. M., & Eckert, M. A. (2008). Asymmetry and Dyslexia. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33(6), 663–681. doi:10.1080/87565640802418597
  24. ^ Shiell, M. M., Champoux, F., & Zatorre, R. J. (2016). The Right Hemisphere Planum Temporale Supports Enhanced Visual Motion Detection Ability in Deaf People: Evidence from Cortical Thickness. Neural Plasticity, 2016, 7217630. doi:10.1155/2016/7217630
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