Jump to content

Economy of Ecuador

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Economy of Ecuador
Quito, the financial capital of Ecuador
CurrencyUnited States dollar (USD)
calendar year
Trade organizations
Andean Community, WTO, PROSUR, ALADI, Mercosur (associate)
Country group
Statistics
PopulationIncrease 18,342,507 (2022)[3]
GDP
  • Increase $122 billion (nominal, 2024)[4]
  • Increase $268 billion (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • 1.3% (2018) 0.1% (2019e)
  • −7.4% (2020f) 4.1% (2021f)[5]
GDP per capita
  • Increase $6,567 (nominal, 2024)[4]
  • Increase $14,485 (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
−0.2% (2018)[4]
Population below poverty line
  • Negative increase 25.0% (2019)[7]
  • Negative increase 24.2% on less than $5.50/day (2018)[8]
Negative increase 45.4 medium (2018)[9]
Labor force
  • Increase 8,671,801 (2019)[11]
  • Decrease 64.3% employment rate (2018)[12]
Labor force by occupation
  • agriculture: 26.1%
  • industry: 18.4%
  • services: 55.5%
  • (2017 est.)[6]
Unemployment3.5% (2018)[13]
Main industries
petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals
External
ExportsIncrease $19.3 billion (2017)[14]
Export goods
petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp, cacao, coffee, wood, fish
Main export partners
Imports$19.3 billion (2017)[14]
Import goods
industrial materials, fuels and lubricants, nondurable consumer goods
Main import partners
FDI stock
Increase $17.25 billion (December 31, 2017 est.)
Increase$39.29 billion (December 31, 2017 est.)
Public finances
Negative increase 44.6% of GDP (December 31, 2017)[15]
Revenues33.43 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Expenses38.08 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Economic aid$209.5 million (2005)
Increase $8.169 billion (2022)[16]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.


The economy of Ecuador is the eighth largest in Latin America and the 69th largest in the world by total GDP.[17] Ecuador's economy is based on the export of oil, bananas, shrimp, gold, other primary agricultural products and money transfers from Ecuadorian emigrants employed abroad.[18] In 2017, remittances constituted 2.7% of Ecuador's GDP.[19] The total trade amounted to 42% of the Ecuador's GDP in 2017.[20]

The country is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources. In 2017, oil accounted for about one-third of public-sector revenue and 32% of export earnings.[21][22] When Ecuador was part of OPEC, it was one of the smallest members[23] and produced about 531,300 barrels per day of petroleum in 2017.[21][24] It is the world's largest exporter of bananas ($3.38 billion in 2017) and a major exporter of shrimp ($3.06 billion in 2017).[17] Exports of non-traditional products such as cut flowers ($846 million in 2017) and canned fish ($1.18 billion in 2017) have grown in recent years.[17]

In the past, Ecuador's economy depended largely on primary industries like agriculture, petroleum, and aquaculture. As a result of shifts in global market trends and development of technology, the country has experienced economic development in other sectors, such as textiles, processed food, metallurgy and the service sectors.[18] Between 2006 and 2014, GDP growth averaged 4.3%, driven by high oil prices and external financing.[25] From 2015 until 2018, GDP growth averaged just 0.6%.[26] Ecuador's ex-president, Lenín Moreno, launched a radical transformation of Ecuador's economy after taking office in May 2017. The aim was to increase the private sector's weight, in particular the oil industry.[27][28]

Agriculture

[edit]

Ecuador is one of the 10 largest producers in the world of banana, cocoa and palm oil.[29]

In 2018, the country produced 7.5 million tons of sugarcane, 6.5 million tons of banana (6th largest producer in the world), 2.7 million tons of palm oil (6th largest producer in the world), 1.3 million tons of maize, 1.3 million tons of rice, 269 thousand tons of potato, 235 thousand tons of cocoa (7th largest producer in the world), 149 thousand tons of pineapple, 103 thousand tons of orange, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[30]

Mining

[edit]

In 2019, the country had an annual production of about 1 ton of antimony (14th largest producer in the world).[31]

In 2006, Ecuador had an annual production of about 5.3 tonnes of gold, being the 34th largest producer in the world at the time.[32] Ecuador produced 8.6 tons of gold in 2013, which was the absolute record between 2006 and 2017. In 2017, production was 7.3 tons.[33]

In terms of silver production, Ecuador produced 1 ton in 2017, which is the country's usual average.[34]

In 2019, in the north of Ecuador, a large deposit of gold, silver and copper was discovered.[35]

Industries

[edit]

Oil accounts for 40% of exports and contributes to maintaining a positive trade balance.[36] Since the late '60s, the exploitation of oil increased production and reserves are estimated at 4.036 million barrels[37]

In the agricultural sector, Ecuador is a major exporter of bananas (the largest exporter of bananas in the world[38]), cut flowers, cacao, coffee, shrimp, wood, and fish.[39] It is also significant in shrimp production, sugar cane, rice, cotton, corn, palm and coffee.[citation needed] The country's vast resources include large amounts of timber across the country, like eucalyptus and mangroves.[40] Pines and cedars are planted in the region of the Sierra, walnuts and rosemary, and balsa wood, on Guayas River Basin.[citation needed]

Ecuador's tobacco is prized in the cigar industry due to the prolonged cloud cover and rich volcanic soil creating ideal growing conditions, especially for shade tobacco and Ecuadorian Sumatra Tobacco cigar wrapper leaves;[41] exports topped $70M in 2018.[42]

The industry is concentrated mainly in Guayaquil, the largest industrial center, and in Quito, where in recent years the industry has grown considerably. This city is also the largest business center of the country.[43] Industrial production is directed primarily to the domestic market.[citation needed] Despite this, there is limited export of products produced or processed industrially.[citation needed] These include canned foods, liquor, jewelry, furniture, and more.[citation needed] Minor industrial activity is also concentrated in Cuenca.[44]

The dairy industry is represented by companies such as Tonicorp,[45] which is owned by the Coca Cola Company.[46]

Electricity

[edit]

As of December 2022, the generation and transmission infrastructure of Ecuador included:[47]

  • total installed generation capacity of 8,864 megawatts (MW) that included
    • 5,425 MW of renewable energy generation with
      • about 5200 MW of hydropower (in Ecuador, considered as renewable);
  • National Interconnection System (SNI) that was able to use 7,472 MW of the total capacity above (including 4375 MW from renewable sources). The remaining 1,390 MW are not part of the countrywide grid;[48]
  • National Transmission System (SNT) with line voltages 500 kilovolt (kV), 230 kV and 138 kV, 4,382 km of single-circuit lines and 2,462 km of double-circuit lines, including

Distribution is provided through distribution companies with total billing of 2 billion US dollars and electricity losses of 13.25%. As of December 2022, they managed:[49]

The peak demand on the SNI grid occurs in April (4,388 MW in 2022).[49] The total generation in 2022 was 33 terawatt-hours (TWh) with 87% delivered by SNI and the rest by provider unincorporated into the grid. The breakdown by the power source at the SNI was as follows:[48]

The amount of reported unavailable generation capacity varied between 1,170 and 1,610 GW in 2019-2022, approximately evenly split between hydro and thermal power stations.[50] The plan of r2023-2032 called for major expansion of the generation capacity, primarily renewable energy (additional 6,300 MW), but with 700 MW of "firm" (thermal) capacity scheduled to come on-line in 2024-2025.[51] This "firm" generation was intended for the electric grid security and "quality of supply".[52]

During the 2023-2024 Ecuador electricity crisis, in the fall of 2024, the amount of thermal generation was significantly lower than the numbers above would suggest. For example, according to Miguel Calahorrano, an ex-minister of electricity and renewable energy, only Trinitaria (125 MW), Machala Gas (125 MW), G. Zevallos (146 MW) and Jaramijó (140 MW) were operating at high power until October 15, 2024.[53]

Sciences and research

[edit]
EXA's first satellite, NEE-01 Pegasus

Ecuador was placed in 96th position of innovation in technology in a 2013 World Economic Forum study.[54] Ecuador was ranked 91st in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 up from 99th in 2020.[55][56][57][58][59] The most notable icons in Ecuadorian sciences are the mathematician and cartographer Pedro Vicente Maldonado, born in Riobamba in 1707, and the printer, independence pioneer, and medical pioneer Eugenio Espejo, born in 1747 in Quito. Among other notable Ecuadorian scientists and engineers are Lieutenant Jose Rodriguez Labandera,[60] who built the first submarine in Latin America in 1837; Reinaldo Espinosa Aguilar (1898–1950), a botanist and biologist of Andean flora; and José Aurelio Dueñas (1880–1961), a chemist and inventor of a method of textile serigraphy, reputed to have many wives.

The major areas of scientific research in Ecuador have been in the medical fields, tropical and infectious diseases treatments, agricultural engineering, pharmaceutical research, and bioengineering. Being a small country and a consumer of foreign technology, Ecuador has favored research supported by entrepreneurship in information technology. The antivirus program Checkprogram, banking protection system MdLock, and Core Banking Software Cobis are products of Ecuadorian development.[61]

The scientific production in hard sciences has been limited due to lack of funding but focused around physics, statistics, and partial differential equations in mathematics.[citation needed] In the case of engineering fields, the majority of scientific production comes from the top three polytechnic institutions: Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral – ESPOL, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas – ESPE, and Escuela Politécnica Nacional EPN. The Center for Research and Technology Development in Ecuador is an autonomous center for research and technology development funded by Senecyt.

However, according to Nature, the multidisciplinary scientific journal, the top 10 institutions that carry the most outstanding scientific contributions are: Yachay Tech University (Yachay Tech), Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), and Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ).[62]

Trade

[edit]
See also: China–Ecuador relations

The overall trade balance for August 2012 was a surplus of almost 390 million dollars for the first six months of 2012, a huge figure compared with that of 2007, which reached only $5.7 million; the surplus had risen by about 425 million compared to 2006.[63] This circumstance was due to the fact that imports grew faster than exports.[64] The oil trade balance positive had revenues of $3.295 million in 2008, while non-oil was negative amounting to 2.842 million dollars.[citation needed]. The trade balance was positive in 2019 and 2020 with 2.05 billion dollars and 6.4 billion dollars. In 2016, the trade balance was positive (608 million dollars) but negative in 2017 (-723 million dollars) and 2018 (1.41 billion dollars).[65] The trade balance with Argentina, Colombia and Asia is negative.[66]

Ecuador has negotiated bilateral treaties with other countries, besides belonging to the Andean Community of Nations,[67] and an associate member of Mercosur.[68] It also belongs to the World Trade Organization (WTO), in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF) and other multilateral agencies.[69][70][71] In April 2007, Ecuador paid off its debt to the IMF thus ending an era of interventionism of the Agency in the country.[72] The public finance of Ecuador consists of the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE), the National Development Bank (BNF), the State Bank, the National Finance Corporation, the Ecuadorian Housing Bank (BEV) and the Ecuadorian Educational Loans and Grants.[73]

Economic history

[edit]
Main article: Economic history of Ecuador

Deteriorating economic performance in 1997–98 culminated in a severe financial crisis in 1999. The crisis was precipitated by a number of external shocks, including the El Niño weather phenomenon in 1997, a sharp drop in global oil prices in 1997–98, and international emerging market instability in 1997–98. These factors highlighted the Government of Ecuador's unsustainable economic policy mix of large fiscal deficits and expansionary money policy and resulted in a 7.3% contraction of GDP, annual year-on-year inflation of 52.2%, and a 65% devaluation of the national currency in 1999.

On January 9, 2000, the administration of President Jamil Mahuad announced its intention to adopt the U.S. dollar as the official currency of Ecuador to address the ongoing economic crisis. Subsequent protest led to the 2000 Ecuadorean coup d'état which saw Mahuad's removal from office and the elevation of Vice President Gustavo Noboa to the presidency.

US Dollar has been the only official currency of Ecuador since the year 2000.[74]

The Noboa government confirmed its commitment to convert to the dollar as the centerpiece of its economic recovery strategy, successfully completing the transition from sucres to dollars in 2001. Following the completion of a one-year stand-by program with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in December 2001, Ecuador successfully negotiated a new $205 million stand-by agreement with the IMF in March 2003.

Buoyed by higher oil prices, the Ecuadorian economy experienced a modest recovery in 2000–01, with GDP rising 2.3% in 2000 and 5.4% in 2001.[75] GDP growth leveled off to 2.7% in 2002.[76] Inflation fell from an annual rate of 96.1% in 2000 to an annual rate of 37.7% in 2001; 12.6% for 2002.[77]

The completion of the second Transandean Oil Pipeline (OCP in Spanish) in 2003 enabled Ecuador to expand oil exports. The OCP will double Ecuador's oil transport capacity.

Ecuador's economy is the eighth largest in Latin America and experienced an average growth of 4.6% per year between 2000 and 2006.[78] In January 2009, the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE) put the 2010 growth forecast at 6.88%.[79] GDP doubled between 1999 and 2007, reaching 65,490 million dollars according to BCE.[80] Inflation rate up to January 2008 was located about 1.14%, the highest recorded in the last year, according to Government.[81][82] The monthly unemployment rate remained at about 6 and 8 percent from December 2007 until September 2008, however, it went up to about 9 percent in October and dropped again in November 2008 to 8 percent.[83]

Between 2006 and 2009, the government increased spending on social welfare and education from 2.6% to 5.2% of its GDP.[84] Starting in 2007, when its economy was surpassed by the economic crisis, Ecuador was subject to a number of economic policy reforms by the government that have helped steer the Ecuadorian economy to a sustained, substantial, and focused achievement of financial stability and consistent social policy.[84] [vague] Such policies were expansionary fiscal policies, of access to housing finance, stimulus packs, and limiting the amount of money reserves banks could keep abroad.[84] The Ecuadorian government has made huge investments in education and infrastructure throughout the nation, which have improved the lives of the poor.[85]

On December 12, 2008, President Rafael Correa announced that Ecuador would not pay $30.6m in interest to lenders of a $510m loan, claiming that they were monsters.[86] In addition it claimed that $3.8bn in foreign debt negotiated by previous administrations was illegitimate because it was authorized without executive decree.[86] At the time of the announcement, the country had $5.65bn in cash reserves.[86]

In 2009, economic growth declined to 0.6% during the global recession, accompanied by falling oil prices and a decline in remittances provided by Ecuadorians living and working abroad (a major source of external revenues).[87] Showing signs of recovery in 2010, the economy rebounded and grew by 2.8%. After growth of 7.4% in 2011, Ecuador's growth averaged 4.5% from 2012 to 2014.[87]

Some observers have attributed the high growth to a public investment boom that was fueled by high oil prices and lending from China. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Ecuador was the third largest source of foreign oil to the western United States in 2014.[87] However, in the middle of 2014 after the price of oil declined significantly, Ecuador's oil earnings fell.[87] As a consequence, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) forecast that Ecuador's economy would contract slightly in 2015, although the economy ultimately grew by less than half a percent.[87] President Correa's plans to begin extracting crude oil from the Ishpingo, Tambochoa, and Tiputini field in Yasuní National Park in the Amazon to provide an economic boost did not salvage the economy from going into recession.[87] In 2016, Ecuador's gross domestic product contracted by 1.6%.[87]

Ecuador's economic slowdown in 2016 and the country's need for external finance were exacerbated by a deadly April 2016 earthquake.[87] Ecuador's estimated $3 billion costs for reconstruction and humanitarian assistance for 720,000 people in the affected region remain a burden that the government and private sector have sought to address.[87] In response, the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance provided more than $3 million in assistance, including provisions airlifted in for 50,000 people in the earthquake-prone region and assistance with water and sanitation systems in affected areas.[87] A U.N. appeal by the Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance sought to raise $73 million.[87] However, as of July 2016, only one-fifth of this amount had been received from donor countries, including the United States.[87]

The Correa government increased a value-added tax and implemented a plan to further cut government expenditures after cutting capital expenditures by 30%.[87] Despite President Correa's reluctance to ask for assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the IMF approved a request for $364 million in financial support under its Rapid Financing Instrument in early July 2016 for Ecuador.[87] Additional loans from China and the World Bank to help ease the government's balance-of-payments needs were considered.[87]

Ecuador's access to global financial markets also had been limited by its 2008 default on $3.2 billion in debt to global lenders.[87] Consequently, the Correa government turned to nontraditional allies, such as China, for external finance.[87] From 2005 to 2014, Chinese banks provided almost $11 billion of financing to Ecuador.[87] The Correa government also asked China for an additional $7.5 billion in financing in early 2015 as crude oil prices—the nation's biggest export—weakened further.[87] China agreed to the financing request and began to disburse funding, including nearly $1 billion in May and June 2015.[87] Ecuador successfully returned to the international capital market in June 2014 with a $2 billion bond issue followed by additional smaller bond issues in 2015.[87] President Moreno later discovered loans made by China over the years currently require that Ecuador pay China back with almost 500 barrels of crude oil—or roughly three years of the country's oil production.[87] According to press reports, some private sector analysts question whether Ecuador will be able to meet its debt obligations given two strains on the country's public finances: the slump in oil income due to the commodity's low price and the strong U.S. dollar, which, as a result of Ecuador's dollarized economy, makes the country's exports less globally competitive.[87]

Ecuador withdrew from efforts to develop a regional free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru in 2006.[87] The United States subsequently signed bilateral FTAs with Peru and Colombia, but Ecuador showed no interest in pursuing an FTA with the United States.[87] Following Venezuela's acceptance in 2012 to full membership in the South American customs union, Mercosur (Mercado Común del Sur or Common Market of the South), the leftist governments in Bolivia and Ecuador applied to move from observer status to full membership in the trade bloc originally composed of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.[87] According to some observers, out of a concern for Ecuador's struggling non-oil exporters, Correa embraced a trade agreement with the European Union (EU) as part of the EU-Andean Community Association agreement that went into effect in January 2017.[87]

The International Monetary Fund approved an agreement with Ecuador in March 2019.[26] This arrangement would provide support ($10 billion) for the Ecuadorian government's economic policies over three years (2018–2021 Prosperity Plan).[26][88]

Poverty and inequality

[edit]

As of 2012, an estimated 9 million Ecuadorians have an economic occupation and about 1.01 million inhabitants are in unemployment condition.[89] In 1998, 10% of the richest population had 42.5% of income, while 10% of the poor had only 0.6% of income.[90] The rates of poverty were higher for populations of indigenous, afro-descendents, and rural sectors.[91] During the same year, 7.6% of health spending went to the 20% of the poor, while 20% of the rich population received 38.1% of this expenditure. The extreme poverty rate has declined significantly between 1999 and 2010.[92] In 2001 it was estimated at 40% of the population, while by 2011 the figure dropped to 17.4% of the total population.[93] This is explained largely by emigration and economic stability achieved after adopting the U.S. dollar as official means of transaction .[94] Poverty rates were higher for indigenous peoples, Afro-descendants and rural areas, reaching 44% of the Native ancestry population.

Infrastructure development

[edit]

The industrial sector has had enormous difficulty to emerge significantly. The industrial sector's main problem is the deficit of energy,[95] which the current government has tackled with the improvement of performance on existing hydro plants, and the creation of new ones. Such projects included negotiation of the Coca-Codo hydroplant.[95][96] Incentives of financing, tributary incentives, tariffs, and others will be implemented, that is intended to benefit areas of tourism, food processing, renewable and alternative energy sources, bioenergies, pharmaceutical and chemical products, biochemical and environmental biomedecine, services, automotive metallurgical industry, footwear, and automotive parts and pieces, among others.[95] A 500 kV transmission line increases national grid strength and electricity trade with Peru and Colombia.[97]

Statistics

[edit]

Main economic indicators

[edit]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2019 (with IMF staff stimtates in 2020–2025). Inflation below 5% is in green.[98]

Year GDP
(in Bil. US$PPP)		 GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)		 GDP
(in Bil. US$nominal)		 GDP per capita
(in US$ nominal)		 GDP growth
(real)		 Inflation rate
(in Percent)		 Unemployment
(in Percent)		 Government debt
(in % of GDP)
1980 26.0 3,243.3 16.8 2,097.1 Increase4.9% Negative increase13.0% n/a n/a
1981 Increase29.6 Increase3,585.7 Increase17.2 Decrease2,087.4 Increase3.9% Negative increase16.4% n/a n/a
1982 Increase31.8 Increase3,746.6 Steady17.2 Decrease2,026.4 Increase1.2% Negative increase16.3% n/a n/a
1983 Increase32.1 Decrease3,681.4 Decrease15.1 Decrease1,732.5 Decrease-2.8% Negative increase48.4% n/a n/a
1984 Increase34.7 Increase3,868.7 Increase16.1 Increase1,794.7 Increase4.2% Negative increase31.2% n/a n/a
1985 Increase37.4 Increase4,058.3 Increase18.8 Increase2,044.3 Increase4.4% Negative increase28.0% n/a n/a
1986 Increase39.3 Increase4,159.7 Decrease13.8 Decrease1,461.9 Increase3.1% Negative increase23.0% n/a n/a
1987 Decrease37.9 Decrease3,908.6 Decrease12.9 Decrease1,332.1 Decrease-6.0% Negative increase29.5% n/a n/a
1988 Increase43.3 Increase4,357.2 Decrease12.3 Decrease1,234.7 Increase10.5% Negative increase58.2% 7.0% n/a
1989 Increase45.2 Increase4,431.5 Decrease12.0 Decrease1,182.5 Increase0.3% Negative increase75.6% Negative increase7.9% n/a
1990 Increase48.3 Increase4,626.3 Increase12.2 Decrease1,173.1 Increase3.0% Negative increase48.5% Positive decrease6.1% n/a
1991 Increase52.4 Increase4,913.6 Increase13.7 Increase1,286.6 Increase5.1% Negative increase48.8% Negative increase8.5% n/a
1992 Increase55.6 Increase5,092.2 Increase15.0 Increase1,375.7 Increase3.6% Negative increase54.3% Negative increase8.9% n/a
1993 Increase58.0 Increase5,203.9 Increase17.5 Increase1,572.8 Increase2.0% Negative increase45.0% Positive decrease8.3% n/a
1994 Increase61.8 Increase5,429.4 Increase21.1 Increase1,858.3 Increase4.3% Negative increase27.4% Positive decrease5.7% n/a
1995 Increase64.5 Increase5,561.6 Increase23.0 Increase1,980.4 Increase2.3% Negative increase22.9% Positive decrease5.5% n/a
1996 Increase66.8 Increase5,663.5 Increase24.0 Increase2,037.1 Increase1.7% Negative increase24.4% Negative increase9.0% n/a
1997 Increase70.9 Increase5,916.2 Increase27.0 Increase2,253.2 Increase4.3% Negative increase30.6% Positive decrease7.8% n/a
1998 Increase74.1 Increase6,086.1 Increase27.5 Increase2,257.9 Increase3.3% Negative increase36.1% Negative increase10.2% n/a
1999 Decrease71.5 Decrease5,794.1 Decrease19.7 Decrease1,598.8 Decrease-4.7% Negative increase52.2% Negative increase13.1% n/a
2000 Increase74.0 Increase5,902.0 Decrease18.3 Decrease1,461.8 Increase1.1% Negative increase96.1% Positive decrease7.6% n/a
2001 Increase78.7 Increase6,138.6 Increase24.5 Increase1,909.4 Increase4.0% Negative increase37.7% Negative increase9.6% 60.3%
2002 Increase83.2 Increase6,351.4 Increase28.5 Increase2,180.4 Increase4.1% Negative increase12.5% Positive decrease7.8% Positive decrease52.2%
2003 Increase87.1 Increase6,540.2 Increase32.4 Increase2,435.0 Increase2.7% Negative increase7.9% Negative increase10.2% Positive decrease45.1%
2004 Increase96.8 Increase7,142.6 Increase36.6 Increase2,700.1 Increase8.2% Increase2.7% Positive decrease7.2% Positive decrease38.7%
2005 Increase105.1 Increase7,660.6 Increase41.5 Increase3,025.0 Increase5.3% Increase2.2% Positive decrease7.1% Positive decrease34.7%
2006 Increase113.1 Increase8,101.1 Increase46.8 Increase3,351.5 Increase4.4% Increase3.3% Positive decrease6.7% Positive decrease31.1%
2007 Increase118.7 Increase8,352.4 Increase51.0 Increase3,588.3 Increase2.2% Increase2.3% Negative increase6.9% Positive decrease28.5%
2008 Increase128.7 Increase8,892.4 Increase61.8 Increase4,267.5 Increase6.4% Negative increase8.4% Positive decrease6.0% Positive decrease24.2%
2009 Increase130.3 Decrease8,837.9 Increase62.5 Decrease4,241.9 Increase0.6% Negative increase5.2% Negative increase6.5% Positive decrease18.6%
2010 Increase136.5 Increase9,090.6 Increase69.6 Increase4,633.2 Increase3.5% Increase3.6% Positive decrease5.0% Positive decrease17.7%
2011 Increase150.3 Increase9,843.0 Increase79.3 Increase5,192.9 Increase7.9% Increase4.5% Positive decrease4.2% Positive decrease16.8%
2012 Increase159.6 Increase10,280.3 Increase87.9 Increase5,664.9 Increase5.6% Negative increase5.1% Positive decrease4.1% Negative increase17.5%
2013 Increase175.2 Increase11,106.1 Increase95.1 Increase6,030.5 Increase4.9% Increase2.7% Negative increase4.2% Negative increase20.0%
2014 Increase186.8 Increase11,657.9 Increase101.7 Increase6,347.0 Increase3.8% Increase3.6% Positive decrease3.8% Negative increase27.1%
2015 Decrease179.3 Decrease11,014.9 Decrease99.3 Decrease6,099.4 Increase0.1% Increase4.0% Negative increase4.8% Negative increase33.8%
2016 Increase182.0 Decrease11,009.2 Increase99.9 Decrease6,046.3 Decrease-1.2% Increase1.7% Negative increase5.2% Negative increase43.2%
2017 Increase195.0 Increase11,623.7 Increase104.3 Increase6,216.6 Increase2.4% Increase0.4% Positive decrease4.6% Negative increase44.6%
2018 Increase202.2 Increase11,880.3 Increase107.6 Increase6,318.5 Increase1.3% Increase-0.2% Positive decrease3.7% Negative increase49.1%
2019 Increase205.9 Increase11,923.0 Increase108.1 Decrease6,260.6 Steady0.0% Increase0.3% Negative increase3.8% Negative increase51.4%
2020 Decrease192.2 Decrease10,977.3 Decrease98.8 Decrease5,642.7 Decrease-7.8% Increase-0.3% Negative increase5.3% Negative increase61.2%
2021 Increase204.7 Increase11,528.8 Increase104.5 Increase5,884.1 Increase2.8% Increase0.0% Positive decrease4.6% Positive decrease61.0%
2022 Increase217.7 Increase12,091.6 Increase110.0 Increase6,107.6 Increase3.5% Increase2.1% Positive decrease4.2% Positive decrease59.9%
2023 Increase228.5 Increase12,516.0 Increase114.1 Increase6,247.5 Increase2.5% Increase1.8% Positive decrease4.1% Positive decrease57.9%
2024 Increase239.8 Increase12,951.5 Increase118.5 Increase6,400.0 Increase2.6% Increase1.5% Positive decrease3.9% Positive decrease56.2%
2025 Increase251.8 Increase13,408.7 Increase123.2 Increase6,561.7 Increase2.8% Increase1.3% Positive decrease3.7% Positive decrease52.9%
2026 Increase264.1 Increase13,868.4 Increase128.1 Increase6,727.4 Increase2.8% Increase1.0% Positive decrease3.7% Positive decrease49.6%

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  2. ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  3. ^ "Population, total – Ecuador". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2024". imf.org. International Monetary Fund.
  5. ^ Global Economic Prospects, June 2020. World Bank. June 8, 2020. p. 86. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1553-9. ISBN 978-1-4648-1553-9. Retrieved June 16, 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b c d "Ecuador". CIA. 2019. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  7. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Ecuador". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  8. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Ecuador". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  9. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Ecuador". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  11. ^ "Labor force, total – Ecuador". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  12. ^ "Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Ecuador". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  13. ^ "Ecuador". International Labour Organization (ILO). Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d "Ecuador". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  15. ^ "Ecuador Government Debt: % of GDP". CEIC Data. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  16. ^ "Total reserves (includes gold, current US$)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  17. ^ a b c "OEC – Ecuador (ECU) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners". atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  18. ^ a b "The Economy Of Ecuador". WorldAtlas. April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  19. ^ "Personal remittances, received (% of GDP) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  20. ^ "Trade (% of GDP) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  21. ^ a b "OPEC : Ecuador". www.opec.org. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  22. ^ Energy Information Administration – EIA (2017). "Country Analysis Brief: Ecuador" (PDF). www.eia.gov.
  23. ^ "Ecuador's economy to contract by 0.5 pct this year, IMF says". Reuters. March 21, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  24. ^ "OPEC : Member Countries". www.opec.org. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  25. ^ "Ecuador". World Bank. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c "Overview". World Bank. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  27. ^ EcoEmerging (2018). "Ecuador: A delicate situation". economic-research.bnpparibas.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  28. ^ "Ecuador unlikely to nationalize oil sector". Reuters. July 17, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  29. ^ "Producción de Ecuador en 2018, por FAO".
  30. ^ "Ecuador production in 2018, by FAO".
  31. ^ "USGS Antimony Production Statistics" (PDF).
  32. ^ "Complete list of the British Geological Survey".
  33. ^ "Ecuador Gold Production".
  34. ^ "Ecuador Silver Production".
  35. ^ "mundo.htm Ecuador discovers one of the largest gold, silver and copper mines in the world".
  36. ^ "Ecuador first-half trade surplus rises to $390 mln". Reuters. August 13, 2012.
  37. ^ Expreso Archived August 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Expreso.ec. Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  38. ^ The World Banana Economy 1985–2002 (Report). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  39. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2019). The CIA World Factbook 2019–2020. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5107-5047-0.
  40. ^ Mapping for Results – Ecuador, Latin America & Caribbean. maps.worldbank.org
  41. ^ Retrieved on 2022-09-04.
  42. ^ Retrieved on 2022-09-04.
  43. ^ Ranking 2010 – Ranking completo Archived November 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Rankings.americaeconomia.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  44. ^ Industrias en CUENCA. Guia-cuenca.guiaespana.com.es. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  45. ^ "Industria láctea lamenta fijación del precio frente a una realidad de menor consumo y falta de educación nutricional". June 4, 2022.
  46. ^ "Coca-Cola acquires AdeS soy drink brand from Unilever". March 29, 2017.
  47. ^ Master Plan 2023, p. 4, Capitulo 1: Resumen Ejecutivo.
  48. ^ a b Master Plan 2023, p. 6, Capitulo 1: Resumen Ejecutivo.
  49. ^ a b Master Plan 2023, p. 5, Capitulo 1: Resumen Ejecutivo.
  50. ^ Master Plan 2023, p. 12, Capitulo 1: Resumen Ejecutivo.
  51. ^ Master Plan 2023, p. 14, Capitulo 1: Resumen Ejecutivo.
  52. ^ Master Plan 2023, p. 16, Capitulo 1: Resumen Ejecutivo.
  53. ^ Segovia Velasteguí 2024.
  54. ^ Ecuador ocupa el puesto 96 en innovación tecnológica. elcomercio.com. 19 September 2013
  55. ^ "Global Innovation Index 2021". World Intellectual Property Organization. United Nations. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  56. ^ "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?". www.wipo.int. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  57. ^ "Global Innovation Index 2019". www.wipo.int. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  58. ^ "RTD – Item". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  59. ^ "Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge. October 28, 2013. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  60. ^ Lavandera, J.R. (27 December 2009)."José rodríguez lavandera, el inventor". Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) . expreso.ec
  61. ^ "Checkprogram press release". Eluniverso.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  62. ^ "Nature Index – Top 10 institutions from Ecuador". June 1, 2019.
  63. ^ Incorporated, IBP (2015). Ecuador company laws and regulations handbook : strategic information and basic laws. [Place of publication not identified]: International Business Publications USA. ISBN 978-1514508756. OCLC 910986831.
  64. ^ Trade Balance Details | Press Releases. Cepr.net (May 2, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
  65. ^ "Trade Map". International Trade Center. May 28, 2021.
  66. ^ Ecuador: Evolucion de la Balanza Comercial Archived October 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Banco Central del Ecuador (January–February 2008).
  67. ^ South American Community Nations – Andean Community -CAN Archived June 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Comunidadandina.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  68. ^ Profile: Mercosur – Common Market of the South. BBC News (February 15, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  69. ^ Which are its member countries? Archived July 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine aladi.org
  70. ^ UNASUR (South American organization) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com (May 23, 2008). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  71. ^ Union of South American Nations Archived January 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Internationaldemocracywatch.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  72. ^ "Public Information Notice: IMF Executive Board Concludes 2007 Article IV Consultation with Ecuador". IMF. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  73. ^ Ecuador student loan program increases funding for overseas study. Bmimedia.net (January 6, 1990). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  74. ^ "Ecuador's one and only official currency is the US Dollar". People Places and Thoughts. May 24, 2019.
  75. ^ "Ecuador (08/02)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  76. ^ "GDP growth (annual %) – Ecuador | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  77. ^ "Ecuador Inflation rate (consumer prices)". Index Mundi. June 30, 2015.
  78. ^ Yahoo! Noticias España – Los titulares de hoy. Es.noticias.yahoo.com (April 20, 2011). Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  79. ^ El Banco Central de Ecuador sitúa el crecimiento del 2008 en más del 6%. soitu.es (January 16, 2009). Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  80. ^ Banco Central del Ecuador – Resumen de pib Archived October 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Bce.fin.ec (July 11, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  81. ^ Ecuador Inflation rate (consumer prices) – Economy. Indexmundi.com (July 26, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  82. ^ Gill, Nathan. (January 6, 2012) Ecuadorian Inflation Accelerated to Three-Year High in 2011. Bloomberg. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  83. ^ Ecuador en Cifras. Ecuador en Cifras. Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  84. ^ a b c Ecuador's Economy Since 2007 | Reports Archived March 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Cepr.net. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  85. ^ América Latina y el Caribe – Ecuador – Datos destacados. Web.worldbank.org (May 17, 2005). Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  86. ^ a b c Mapstone, (December 13, 2008). Ecuador defaults on sovereign bonds. Financial Times
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Beittel, June (February 13, 2018). "Ecuador: In Brief" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
  88. ^ "Ecuador and IMF Reach Staff-Level Agreement on a US$4.2 Billion Extended Fund Facility". IMF. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  89. ^ Ecuador en Cifras. Ecuador en Cifras. Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  90. ^ Ecuador : Financiamiento por volumen. Web.worldbank.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  91. ^ "Index of Poverty". Banco Mundial.
  92. ^ New Paper Examines Ecuador's Success in Emerging from Economic Recession; Reducing Poverty and Unemployment | Press Releases Archived November 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Cepr.net (May 2, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
  93. ^ Rebeca, Ray and Sara, Kozameh. (May 2012) P. 15. [1]. cepr.net
  94. ^ Ecuador. Web.worldbank.org (May 11, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  95. ^ a b c "Ecuador incentivará 14 sectores económicos". May 26, 2010.
  96. ^ "China draws fire on mega loan to Ecuador". www.atimes.com. Asia Times Online. June 26, 2010. Archived from the original on June 29, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  97. ^ "Ecuador to export energy to Colombia and Peru through El Inga electrical substation". www.andes.info.ec. January 8, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  98. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved September 11, 2018.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Ecuador&oldid=1263191171"