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Clark County, Washington

Coordinates: 45°46′N 122°29′W / 45.77°N 122.48°W / 45.77; -122.48
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This article is about the county. For the place in Lincoln County, see Clark, Washington.

45°46′N 122°29′W / 45.77°N 122.48°W / 45.77; -122.48

Clark County
County
Clark County Courthouse
Clark County Courthouse
Official seal of Clark County
Seal
Map of Washington highlighting Clark County
Location within the U.S. state of Washington
Map of the United States highlighting Washington
Washington's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 45°46′N 122°29′W / 45.77°N 122.48°W / 45.77; -122.48
Country United States
State Washington
FoundedAugust 20, 1845 as Vancouver District
Named forWilliam Clark on September 3, 1849
SeatVancouver
Largest cityVancouver
Area
 • Total656 sq mi (1,700 km2)
 • Land629 sq mi (1,630 km2)
 • Water27 sq mi (70 km2)  4.1%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total503,311
 • Estimate 
(2023)
521,150 Increase
 • Density770/sq mi (300/km2)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
Congressional district3rd
Websiteclark.wa.gov

Clark County is the southernmost county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 503,311,[1] making it Washington's fifth-most populous county. Its county seat and largest city is Vancouver.[2] It was the first county in Washington, first named Vancouver County in 1845 before being renamed for William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1849. It was created by the Provisional Government of Oregon in Oregon Country on August 20, 1845, and at that time covered the entire present-day state.[3] Clark County is the third-most-populous county in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is across the Columbia River from Portland, Oregon.

History

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Clark County was created on August 20, 1845, as Vancouver District, named for its town, following the removal of the area from three other districts on July 27, 1844. It included all the land north of the Columbia River, west of the Rocky Mountains, and south of Alaska. On December 21, 1845, the provisional government changed its name to Vancouver County. At that time it stretched from the Columbia River to 54 degrees 40 minutes North Latitude in what is now British Columbia, Canada. On June 15, 1846, the United States Senate approved the present boundary between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel.

On August 13, 1848, President James K. Polk signed an act creating the entire region as the Oregon Territory. On September 3, 1849, the Oregon Territorial Legislature modified the borders again and changed its name to Clarke County in honor of explorer William Clark. At this time it included all of present-day Washington and continued to be divided and subdivided until reaching its present area in 1880. It was not until 1925 that the spelling was corrected to its present form.[4]

In September 1902 the Yacolt Burn, the largest fire in state history, began in neighboring Skamania County and swept west along a 12-mile front to Yacolt, nearly engulfing the town. Salvaging the remaining timber was a lucrative industry for a time.[citation needed]

Geography

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According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 656 square miles (1,700 km2), of which 629 square miles (1,630 km2) is land and 27 square miles (70 km2) (4.1%) is water.[5] It is the fifth-smallest county in Washington by land area.

Clark County is surrounded on two sides by the Columbia River and on the north by the North Fork of the Lewis River. The East Fork of the Lewis River and the Washougal River cut across the county. The largest stream arising solely within the county is Salmon Creek, which terminates at Vancouver Lake before eventually flowing into the Columbia River.

Like most of Oregon and Washington south of Puget Sound into the Willamette Valley the landscape and climate of Clark County are determined by its placement between the volcanic Pacific Coast and Cascade Ranges, where glaciation helped form a U-shaped valley which meets the river valley of the Columbia River as it leaves the Columbia River Gorge. Volcanic andisol soils are common, with fertile mollisols in the lower areas. The central and southwest areas of the county are generally flat floodplains, sculpted by torrents of prehistoric Lake Missoula. A series of dramatic floods known as the Missoula Floods took place 15,000–13,000 years ago, as several ice dams melted, forming a series of low steps such as the "Heights", "Mill Plain", "Fourth Plain" and "Fifth Plain". Clark County's Köppen climate classification is "Csb".

Many lakes border the river in the lowlands near Ridgefield, including Vancouver Lake. Eastern and northern Clark County contain forested foothills of the Cascade Mountains, rising to an elevation of 4,000 feet (1,200 m) on the border with Skamania County. Larch Mountain is the county's highest free-standing peak.

Mount Hood, Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams are all visible from Clark County, and cold winter winds through the Columbia River Gorge often bring freezing rain and a coating of glaze ice or clear ice known locally as a "silver thaw", especially in southeastern areas of the county closest to the gorge. The counterpart to this are warm winds from the southwest known locally as the "Pineapple Express".

Climate

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Spring thaws can often swell county waterways, with two of the more destructive floods being those of the Columbia River in June 1894 and May 1948. The 1948 Memorial Day flood almost topped the Interstate Bridge's support piers and completely destroyed nearby Vanport, Oregon. Construction of The Dalles Dam and destruction of Celilo Falls are credited with a decrease in such floods.

Significant windstorms in Clark County include the Columbus Day windstorm of October 12, 1962, and an April 6, 1972, tornado which rated F3 on the Fujita scale, striking a local school. A "Friday the 13th" storm in November 1981 brought winds up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), with other storms including the inauguration day storm of January 20, 1993, the Guadalupe Day storm of December 12, 1995 (with winds up to 95 miles per hour (153 km/h) at Washougal, Washington) and small tornado on January 10, 2008, which destroyed a boathouse at Vancouver Lake and caused damage to buildings in Hazel Dell before dissolving near Hockinson.[6]

Ecology

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Flora and fauna of the region include the normal ecological succession from lowland big leaf maple and western red cedar through Garry oak on up through fire-dependent species such as lodgepole pine and Douglas fir, as well as grand fir, silver fir and other species common to Gifford Pinchot National Forest. In addition to a wide variety of birds including great blue heron, raptors such as barred owl, osprey, red-tailed hawk and bald eagle, corvids (raven, crow, California scrub and Steller's jay) and others, the native streams are home to various species of salmon and the Vancouver Trout Hatchery. Larger mammals include black-tailed deer, coyote, raccoon, skunk and invasive opossum; with sightings of lynx, bobcat, black bear, cougar and elk not uncommon, especially in the northern parts of the county. Common foods used by the indigenous people such as the Klickitat tribe and Chinook included salmon, huckleberry and Camassia quamash (after which the city of Camas, Washington is named).

Geographic features

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Major highways

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Former major highway

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Adjacent counties

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National protected areas

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Economy

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Clark County's largest industries include health care, professional and business services, and retail.[7] In 2019, approximately 65,000 Clark County residents commuted to work in Portland, Oregon; approximately 17,000 residents from Oregon commuted to work in Clark County.[8] Although Washington does not have a state income tax, residents who worked in Oregon were required to pay income tax to that state for earnings in Oregon.[9] Clark County residents also cross the Columbia River to shop without sales taxes, which Oregon also lacks; this phenomenon caused up to $5.9 million in estimated lost sales tax revenue for the county government in 2022.[10]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850643—
18602,384270.8%
18703,08129.2%
18805,49078.2%
189011,709113.3%
190013,41914.6%
191026,11594.6%
192032,80525.6%
193040,31622.9%
194049,85223.7%
195085,30771.1%
196093,80910.0%
1970128,45436.9%
1980192,22749.6%
1990238,05323.8%
2000345,23845.0%
2010425,36323.2%
2020503,31118.3%
2023 (est.)521,150[11]3.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[12]
1790–1960[13] 1900–1990[14]
1990–2000[15] 2010–2020[1]

2020 census

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As of the 2020 census, there were 503,311 people, and 184,173 households were in the county.[1] The population density was 800.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 85.2% White, 2.6% African American, 1.2% Native American, 5.4% Asian,1.0% Pacific Islander, and 4.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 11% of the population.[1]

The average household size was 2.67 people per household. 23.0% of the population was under 18, and 5.6% were under 5. 16.3% of the population was over 65. The gender makeup of the county was 50.3% female, and 49.7% male.[1]

The median income for a household was $82,719. The per capita income was $39,371. 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line.[1]

2010 census

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As of the 2010 census, there were 425,363 people, 158,099 households, and 110,672 families residing in the county.[16] The population density was 676.2 people per square mile (261.1 people/km2). There were 167,413 housing units at an average density of 266.2 units per square mile (102.8 units/km2).[17] The racial makeup of the county was 85.4% white, 4.1% Asian, 2.0% black or African American, 0.9% American Indian, 0.6% Pacific islander, 2.9% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 7.6% of the population.[16] In terms of ancestry, 24.4% were German, 13.1% were Irish, 13.1% were English, 5.7% were Norwegian, and 4.3% were American.[18]

Of the 158,099 households, 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.6% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.0% were non-families, and 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.15. The median age was 36.7 years.[16]

The median income for a household in the county was $58,262 and the median income for a family was $67,352. Males had a median income of $52,160 versus $38,167 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,828. About 7.8% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.[19]

2000 census

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As of the 2000 census, there were 345,238 people, 127,208 households, and 90,953 families residing in the county. The population density was 550 people per square mile (210 people/km2). There were 134,030 housing units at an average density of 213 units per square mile (82 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 88.82% White, 1.68% Black or African American, 0.84% Native American, 3.21% Asian, 0.37% Pacific Islander, 1.99% from other races, and 3.08% from two or more races. 4.71% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 17.7% were of German, 10.2% English, 8.6% Irish, 8.6% United States and 5.1% Norwegian ancestry. 88.8% spoke only English at home; 3.6% spoke Spanish and 1.9% Russian.

There were 127,208 households, out of which 37.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.80% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.50% were non-families. 21.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.70% under the age of 18, 8.40% from 18 to 24, 30.80% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 9.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $48,376, and the median income for a family was $54,016. Males had a median income of $41,337 versus $28,537 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,448. About 6.90% of families and 9.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.70% of those under age 18 and 6.80% of those age 65 or over.

Religion

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Clark County is religiously diverse, with no single group comprising 10% of the population. The four groups that exceed 1% are nondenominational Christian with 30,026 members, the Catholic Church with 26,886 members, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 20,793 members, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America with 4,827.[20] The area is also home to the nation's largest population of the Old Apostolic Lutheran Church with between 8,000 and 12,000 members living in the county. This is estimated because the Church doesn't keep membership rolls.[21]

Emergency services

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The Clark County Sheriff's Office is the local, county-level law enforcement agency serving Clark County, Washington. The sheriff's office was established in 1849 and is the oldest law enforcement organization in the state of Washington. Sheriff John Horch and Undersheriff James Hansen lead the Clark County Sheriff's Office.[22]

A patrol car of the Clark County Sheriff's Department.

On March 16, 2014, Clark County Fire & Rescue commissioned the Mary Firstenburg, a new fireboat purchased with the financial support from a bequest from Firstenburg's family, and from a FEMA Port Security Grant.[23]

Government and politics

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Since 2014, Clark County has had a home rule charter with a council–manager government. The Clark County Council was created in 2014 and has five seats elected by districts of proportional size that are redrawn every 10 years.[24][25] Prior to the adoption of the home rule charter, the county had a three-member commission.[26] The county manager is the chief executive officer appointed by the council and oversees the administrative departments of the government. Kathleen Otto has been the county manager of Clark County since her appointment to the role in 2021.[27]

As of 2020, the current elected officials are:[28]

  • Assessor - Peter Van Nortwick (R)
  • Auditor - Greg Kimsey (R)
  • Clerk - Scott Weber (R)
  • Councilors
    • District 1 Glen Yung (NP)
    • District 2 Michelle Belkot (NP)
    • District 3 Karen Bowerman - County Chair (NP)
    • District 4 Gary Medvigy (NP)
    • District 5 Sue Marshall (NP)
  • Prosecuting Attorney - Tony Golik (D)
  • Sheriff - John Horch (NP)
  • Treasurer - Alishia Topper (NP)

Clark County is a swing county in U.S. presidential elections that recently has voted slightly more Republican than the state and nation as a whole. For example, in 2012 President Obama carried Clark County by a few hundred votes representing a fraction of a percent, he ran behind his national showing of a 3% margin. George W. Bush carried the county twice, by 52% to 47% over John Kerry in 2004 and by 49% to 46% over Al Gore in 2000. Clark County usually votes for the winning presidential candidate. It voted for Ronald Reagan twice and for Bill Clinton twice. The last three presidential elections where Clark County did not vote for the national winner were 1968, when it voted for Humphrey over Nixon, and 1988, when it voted for Dukakis over Bush, as well as in 2016 when the county narrowly voted for Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton over Republican nominee and winner of the election Donald Trump. In the 2020 election, Joe Biden carried the county and significantly improved upon Hillary Clinton's margins and outperformed Trump by five percentage points.[citation needed]

United States presidential election results for Clark County, Washington[29][30]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 126,303 45.86% 140,324 50.95% 8,776 3.19%
2016 92,441 44.34% 92,757 44.49% 23,287 11.17%
2012 92,951 48.37% 93,382 48.59% 5,843 3.04%
2008 84,212 45.79% 95,356 51.85% 4,357 2.37%
2004 88,646 51.99% 79,538 46.65% 2,311 1.36%
2000 67,219 49.59% 61,767 45.57% 6,558 4.84%
1996 46,794 41.51% 52,254 46.35% 13,682 12.14%
1992 36,906 34.64% 42,648 40.03% 26,982 25.33%
1988 37,285 47.61% 40,021 51.11% 1,000 1.28%
1984 40,681 52.86% 35,248 45.80% 1,028 1.34%
1980 33,223 46.10% 30,584 42.43% 8,268 11.47%
1976 27,938 45.65% 31,080 50.78% 2,183 3.57%
1972 28,775 49.13% 27,179 46.41% 2,615 4.46%
1968 18,858 42.40% 23,046 51.82% 2,570 5.78%
1964 12,300 29.43% 29,341 70.21% 149 0.36%
1960 20,080 49.13% 20,771 50.82% 17 0.04%
1956 19,330 49.51% 19,665 50.36% 51 0.13%
1952 18,973 50.83% 18,153 48.63% 202 0.54%
1948 11,546 38.32% 17,154 56.93% 1,432 4.75%
1944 12,312 39.03% 18,861 59.78% 376 1.19%
1940 8,776 40.03% 12,931 58.98% 218 0.99%
1936 4,868 26.24% 12,714 68.52% 972 5.24%
1932 4,901 32.33% 9,104 60.05% 1,155 7.62%
1928 7,786 62.58% 4,467 35.90% 189 1.52%
1924 5,215 47.61% 2,004 18.29% 3,735 34.10%
1920 4,852 52.20% 2,941 31.64% 1,502 16.16%
1916 4,419 48.93% 3,728 41.28% 885 9.80%
1912 1,872 23.37% 2,549 31.82% 3,589 44.81%
1908 2,416 58.83% 1,250 30.44% 441 10.74%
1904 2,436 71.88% 515 15.20% 438 12.92%
1900 1,668 57.88% 1,025 35.57% 189 6.56%
1896 1,497 48.23% 1,547 49.84% 60 1.93%
1892 1,089 41.95% 966 37.21% 541 20.84%

Communities

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Cities

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Town

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Census-designated places

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Unincorporated communities

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Education

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School districts include:[31]

State-operated schools:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ Hanable, William S. (February 4, 2004). "Clark County — Thumbnail History".
  4. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  5. ^ "Region has long history of damaging windstorms," by Don Hamilton, The Columbian, January 11, 2008, p. A5.
  6. ^ Bailey, Scott (July 2022). "Clark County profile". Washington State Employment Security Department. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  7. ^ Seekamp, William (June 6, 2023). "New I-5 bridge would 'unlock workforce potential', says Port of Vancouver economic development director". The Columbian. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  8. ^ Rogoway, Mike (January 6, 2022). "Clark County commuters, many now telecommuters, are paying less in Oregon income tax". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  9. ^ Phiel, Shari (December 4, 2022). "Clark County's 'sales tax leakage' decreases". The Columbian. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  10. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  11. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  12. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  13. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  14. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  15. ^ a b c "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  16. ^ "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  17. ^ "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  18. ^ "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  19. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports". www.thearda.com. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  20. ^ "Raising a Church". The Columbian. February 28, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  21. ^ "Sheriff - Clark County Washington." Clark County Washington - government services. Clark County, Washington, n.d. Web. July 10, 2010. <"Sheriff - Clark County Washington". Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.>.
  22. ^ Patty Hastings (March 14, 2014). "Clark County Fire & Rescue launches new fireboat: Family gets ride on boat bearing name 'Mary Firstenburg'". The Columbian. Retrieved March 20, 2017. Bruce Firstenburg, 71, broke a bottle of champagne over Clark County Fire & Rescue's new rescue boat Friday afternoon in the Ridgefield Marina.
  23. ^ Phiel, Shari (October 6, 2021). "Voters to weigh in on Clark County charter amendments". The Columbian. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  24. ^ Phiel, Shari (April 27, 2022). "Clark County Council again splits on new district map". The Columbian. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  25. ^ Henriksen, Nan; Foster, Steve (April 28, 2015). "A Brief History of the Development and Passage of Clark County's Home Rule Charter". Municipal Research and Services Center. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  26. ^ "County Manager". Clark County. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  27. ^ "Clark County Washington Organization Chart" (PDF). January 2, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  28. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  29. ^ The leading "other" candidate, Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, received 2,082 votes, while Socialist candidate Eugene Debs received 966 votes, Prohibition candidate Eugene Chafin received 513 votes, and Socialist Labor candidate Arthur Reimer received 28 votes.
  30. ^ "2020 Census – School District Reference Map: Clark County, WA" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2022. - Text list

Further reading

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