Hordeum
| Hordeum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Hordeum vulgare f. distichon | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Supertribe: | Triticodae |
| Tribe: | Triticeae |
| Genus: | Hordeum L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Hordeum vulgare | |
| Synonyms[4] | |
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Hordeum is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas.
Taxonomy
[edit]Species
[edit]- Hordeum aegiceras – Mongolia, China including Tibet
- Hordeum arizonicum US (CA AZ NV NM), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Durango)
- Hordeum bogdanii – from Turkey and European Russia to Mongolia
- Hordeum brachyantherum – Russia (Kuril, Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada including Yukon, US (mostly in the West but also scattered locales in the East), Baja California
- Hordeum brachyatherum – Chile
- Hordeum brevisubulatum – European Russia; temperate and subarctic Asia from Turkey and the Urals to China and Magadan
- Hordeum bulbosum – Mediterranean, Central Asia
- Hordeum californicum – US (CA; OR; NV)
- Hordeum capense – South Africa, Lesotho
- Hordeum chilense – Argentina, Chile (including Juan Fernández Is)
- Hordeum comosum – Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum cordobense – northern Argentina
- Hordeum depressum – US (CA; OR; WA; ID; NV), British Columbia, Baja California
- Hordeum distichon – Iraq
- Hordeum erectifolium – northern Argentina
- Hordeum euclaston – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
- Hordeum flexuosum – Uruguay, Argentina
- Hordeum fuegianum – Tierra del Fuego
- Hordeum guatemalense – Guatemala
- Hordeum halophilum – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
- Hordeum intercedens (bobtail barley) – California, Baja California
- Hordeum jubatum (foxtail barley) – widespread in US and Canada; Asiatic Russia, Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus
- Hordeum × lagunculciforme – Iraq, Turkmenistan, Himalayas, western China
- Hordeum lechleri – Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum marinum (sea barley) – Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
- Hordeum murinum (wall barley) – Canary Islands, Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
- Hordeum muticum – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
- Hordeum parodii – Argentina
- Hordeum patagonicum – Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum × pavisii – France
- Hordeum procerum – Argentina
- Hordeum pubiflorum – Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum pusillum (little barley) – widespread in Canada and US; northern Mexico, Bermuda, Argentina
- Hordeum roshevitzii – China, Korea, Primorye, Mongolia, Siberia, Kazakhstan
- Hordeum secalinum – Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus
- Hordeum spontaneum – from Greece and Egypt to central China
- Hordeum stenostachys – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa
- Hordeum tetraploidum – Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum vulgare (barley) – native to the Middle East, now cultivated in many countries
Formerly included species
[edit]Botanists now regard many species as better suited to other genera:[4] Arrhenatherum, Crithopsis, Dasypyrum, Elymus, Eremopyrum, Hordelymus, Leymus, Psathyrostachys, and Taeniatherum.
Etymology
[edit]The name Hordeum comes from the Latin word for "to bristle" (horreō, horrēre),[8] and is akin to the word "horror".
Distribution
[edit]The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas.[9][10][11][12][13]
Ecology
[edit]Hordeum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the flame, rustic shoulder-knot and setaceous Hebrew character.
Some species have become weeds introduced worldwide by human activities, others have become endangered due to habitat loss.
Uses
[edit]One species, H. vulgare (barley), has become of major commercial importance as a cereal grain, used as fodder crop and for malting in the production of beer and whiskey.
References
[edit]- ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 84–85
- ^ lectotype designated by Bowden, Wray M. (1959). "The Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the Wheats, Barleys, and Ryes and Their Wild Relatives". Canadian Journal of Botany. 37 (4): 657–684. doi:10.1139/b59-053.
- ^ Tropicos, Hordeum L.
- ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
- ^ The Plant List search for Hordeum
- ^ "Hordeum L." Atlas of Living Australia. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2015-02-01.
- ^ "hordeum noun". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 395 大麦属 da mai shu Hordeum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753.
- ^ Flora of Pakistan
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana genere Hordeum includes photos + distribution maps of several species
- ^ Cabi, E.; Doğan, M. (2012). "Poaceae". In A. Güner; S. Aslan; T. Ekim; M. Vural; M. T. Babaç (eds.). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. Istanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. pp. 690–756.
- ^ Pohl, R. W.; Davidse, G. (1994). "60. Hordeum L.". In G. Davidse; M. Sousa Sánchez; A. O. Chater (eds.). Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 6. México, D. F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 247.
- R. von Bothmer; N. Jacobsen; C. Baden; R. B. Jørgensen; I. Linde-Laursen (1995). An ecogeographical study of the genus Hordeum, 2nd ed. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). ISBN 978-92-9043-229-6. Archived from the original on 2005-01-01.
- F. R. Blattner (2004). "Phylogenetic analysis of Hordeum (Poaceae) as inferred by nuclear rDNA ITS sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 289–299. Bibcode:2004MolPE..33..289B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.012. PMID 15336664.
- F. R. Blattner (2006). "Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae)". New Phytologist. 169 (3): 603–614. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01610.x. PMID 16411962.
- F. R. Blattner (2009). "Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae: Triticeae)". Breeding Science. 69 (5): 471–480. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.59.471.
- S. S. Jakob; A. Ihlow; F. R. Blattner (2007). "Combined ecological niche modelling and molecular phylogeography revealed the evolutionary history of Hordeum marinum (Poaceae) — niche differentiation, loss of genetic diversity, and speciation in Mediterranean Quaternary refugia". Molecular Ecology. 16 (8): 1713–1727. Bibcode:2007MolEc..16.1713J. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03228.x. PMID 17402985. S2CID 46305338.
- S. S. Jakob; E. Martinez-Meyer; F. R. Blattner (2009). "Phylogeographic analyses and paleodistribution modeling indicates Pleistocene in situ survival of Hordeum species (Poaceae) in southern Patagonia without genetic or spatial restriction". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (4): 907–923. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp012. PMID 19168565.
- T. Pleines; F. R. Blattner (2008). "Phylogeographic implications of an AFLP phylogeny of the American diploid Hordeum species (Poaceae: Triticeae)". Taxon. 57 (3): 875–881. doi:10.1002/tax.573016.
External links
[edit]
Look up Hordeum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hordeum.
Wikispecies has information related to Hordeum.
- species of Hordeum in "Wildflowers of Israel": Spntaneous Barley, Bulbous Barley, Wall Barley, Hordeum marinum,
- Hordeum hystrix, Hordeum vulgare
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